Reference
Allen, J., Levy, N. and Wilkinson, D., (2025), 'Empowering Patient Autonomy: The Role of Large Language Models (LLMs) in Scaffolding Informed Consent in Medical Practice', Bioethics, Vol: online first [PMC7618141]
Abstract
The principle of (respect for) patient autonomy has traditionally emphasized independence in medical decision-making, reflecting a broader commitment to epistemic individualism. However, recent philosophical work has challenged this view, suggesting that autonomous decisions are inherently dependent on epistemic and social supports. Wilkinson and Levy's “scaffolded model” of autonomy demonstrates how our everyday decisions rely on distributed cognition and various forms of epistemic scaffolding—from consulting others to using technological aids like maps or calculators. This paper explores how Large Language Models (LLMs) could operationalize scaffolded autonomy in medical informed consent. We argue that rather than undermining patient autonomy, appropriately designed LLM systems could enhance it by providing flexible, personalized support for information processing and value clarification. Drawing on examples from clinical practice, we examine how LLMs might serve as cognitive scaffolds in three key areas: enhancing information accessibility and comprehension, supporting value clarification, and facilitating culturally appropriate decision-making processes. However, implementing LLMs in consent procedures raises important challenges regarding epistemic responsibility, authenticity of choice, and the maintenance of appropriate human oversight. We analyze these challenges through the lens of scaffolded autonomy, arguing that successful implementation requires moving beyond simple questions of information provision to consider how technological systems can support genuinely autonomous decision-making. The paper concludes by proposing practical guidelines for LLM implementation while highlighting broader philosophical questions about the nature of autonomous choice in technologically mediated environments.
Links
Read/download from publisher website.
Read/download on Europe PMC website.
For more Open Access papers from by UOI authors, go to our Open Access webpage.
Read more about the Epistemic Autonomy project [AH/W005077/1].
Funding
This research was funded in part by the Wellcome Trust [203132/Z/16/Z], and the Arts and Humanities Research Council (AHRC) [AH/W005077/1].
